What is arsenic stress?
Arsenic produces a variety of stress responses in mammalian cells, including metabolic abnormalities accompanied by growth inhibition and eventually apoptosis. Arsenite-induced stress at the molecular level shares many features with the heat shock response.
What do stress granules do?
Stress granules contain non-translating mRNAs, translation initiation components, and many additional proteins affecting mRNA function. Stress granules have been proposed to affect mRNA translation and stability, as well as being linked to apoptosis and nuclear processes.
What is sodium arsenite solution?
Sodium arsenite is an inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2. Sodium arsenite, aqueous solution appears as an aqueous solution of a solid. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Used as an antiseptic, in insecticides and herbicides, to preserve hides and in making dyes.
What enzyme does arsenite inhibit?
enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase
Arsenic interferes with cellular longevity by allosteric inhibition of an essential metabolic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, which catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by NAD+. With the enzyme inhibited, the energy system of the cell is disrupted resulting in a cellular apoptosis episode.
Where are stress granules located?
cytosol
Stress granules are dense aggregations in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. The RNA molecules stored are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes: failed attempts to make protein from mRNA.
What is the difference between stress granules and P bodies?
While P-bodies (PBs) assemble around the key enzymes of cytoplasmic RNA degradation, stress granules (SGs) assemble around essential components of the translation machinery.
Why is sodium arsenite toxic?
Toxicity Sodium and potassium arsenite are highly soluble (trivalent) arsenic salts. Substantial ingestions may be fatal (fatal dose not known). Features Systemic toxicity may follow ingestion, inhalation or topical exposure. Topical – May cause skin irritation and sensitization.
What is the difference between arsenate and arsenite?
As nouns the difference between arsenate and arsenite is that arsenate is (chemistry) any salt or ester of arsenic acid while arsenite is (chemistry) any oxyanion of trivalent arsenic, especially the aso33- anion (or protonated derivatives); any salt containing this anion, or any ester of arsenious acid.
Which enzyme is most likely to inhibit arsenic?
Arsenic interferes with cellular longevity by allosteric inhibition of an essential metabolic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, which catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by NAD+. With the enzyme inhibited, the energy system of the cell is disrupted resulting in a cellular apoptosis episode.
What is arsenite and arsenic?
In chemistry, an arsenite is a chemical compound containing an arsenic oxoanion where arsenic has oxidation state +3. Note that in fields that commonly deal with groundwater chemistry, arsenite is used generically to identify soluble AsIII anions.
Are stress granules essential?
RNA Is Critical for Ribonucleoprotein Granule Assembly. Certain RNA species are essential for the formation of RNA granules upon stress, functioning as scaffolds for protein complex formation (Figures 1C, 2).
Where are P-bodies located?
cell cytoplasm
P-bodies are dynamic ribonucleoprotein granules found in the cell cytoplasm. They are primarily composed of translationally repressed mRNAs and proteins associated with mRNA decay machinery.
How is arsenite-induced stress granule formation inhibited?
Citation: Basu M, Courtney SC, Brinton MA (2017) Arsenite-induced stress granule formation is inhibited by elevated levels of reduced glutathione in West Nile virus-infected cells. PLoS Pathog 13 (2): e1006240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006240
How are flavivirus-infected cells resistant to arsenite?
Arsenite-treatment of uninfected cells induces high levels of ROS, but flavivirus-infected cells are resistant to arsenite-induced oxidative stress. The mechanisms controlling this resistance were investigated. We first showed that WNV-infected cells are fully susceptible to other types of exogenous stresses that induce SGs.
What kind of reactive oxygen species is produced by arsenite?
Incubation of cells with Ars induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that activate HRI to phosphorylate eIF2α and initiate SG formation [ 9 ]. ROS include free radicals, such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, as well as non-radical molecules, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and singlet oxygen.
How does chronic stress induce the formation of stress granules?
Chronic stress induces formation of stress granules and pathological TDP-43 aggregates in human ALS fibroblasts and iPSC-motoneurons Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of neuropathological aggregates of phosphorylated TDP-43 (P-TDP-43) protein.